An overview of biofuel as a renewable energy source: development and challenges

In this journal article, it focuses on two advantages of biofuel which are decreasing the depletion of petroleum resources as well as to slow down climate change. However, it also mentions the potential problem of food insecurity and automotive engine incompatibility when biofuel is used. 

Biofuel are considered a cleaner alternative than the conventional coal used to generate electricity. The use of biofuel reduces the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions released in the process of electricity generation. In this article, it points out at important point to calculate the "total lifecycle of biofuel from 'farm' to 'burn'" which consists of the factors shown in figure 1. The research in the article has estimated there would be a 50% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions when biofuel is used rather than coal. 

Figure 1

The article points out an interesting point that as international demands of energy rise, national policies are being set to encourage the production of biofuel. Subsidies are often given to increase the biofuel production. While this reduces GHG emissions, people worry that this may bring about food security issues. Under the national policy, forests are permitted to be cleared by burning to make way for the plantations. Biofuel can be categorised into biodiesel and bioethanol. Biodiesel are often produced from rapeseed, soybean and palm oil while bioethanol are being produced from the fermentation of sugarcane, corn, wheat and maize. The food used to produce the biofuel are mostly staple and primary products. If there is a decrease in supply of staple food, it may increase prices. Consequently, there is a fear that food will become less affordable for people which can pose as a big problem as food is necessary for survival. 

In addition, environmental damage can arise from the palm oil plantations. Forests are legal to be cleared under the national policy. This can possibly lead to a loss in biodiversity as habitats of the animals and plants are being destroyed. The article also raised that the wastage from plant mills such as fertilisers and insecticides can cause water pollution. When coming up with national policy, governments should consider the conservation of environment as they push for greater production of biofuel. 

References: 

Hassan, M., & Kalam, M. (2013). An Overview of Biofuel as a Renewable Energy Source: Development and Challenges. Procedia Engineering, 56, 39-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.03.087